Mutengo wepasi rose wezinc zviwanikwa unoenderana zvakananga nehukama hwekugovera uye kudiwa uye mamiriro ehupfumi.Kugovewa kwepasi rose kwezinc zviwanikwa kunonyanya kutariswa munyika dzakaita seAustralia neChina, nenyika dziri kugadzirwa dziri China, Peru, neAustralia.Kushandiswa kweZinc kunowanikwa munzvimbo dzeAsia Pacific uye Europe neAmerica.Jianeng ndiye mugadziri mukuru pasi rose uye anotengesera zinc simbi, ine simba guru pamitengo ye zinc.China's zinc resource reserves inomira yechipiri pasirese, asi giredhi harina kukwirira.Kugadzirwa kwayo uye kushandiswa kwese kuri kutanga munyika, uye kutsamira kwayo kwekunze kwakakwira.
Imwe ndeyekuti LME ndiyo yega yepasi rose zinc remangwana rekuchinjana, inogara pachinzvimbo chepamusoro mumusika we zinc remangwana.
LME yakavambwa muna 1876 uye yakatanga kuita zvisiri pamutemo kutengeserana zinc pakutanga kwayo.Muna 1920, kutengeswa kwepamutemo kwezinc kwakatanga.Kubva kuma1980, LME yanga iri barometer yemusika wepasi rose zinc, uye mutengo wayo uri pamutemo unoratidza shanduko mukupihwa kwezinc uye kudiwa pasi rese, iyo inozivikanwa zvakanyanya pasirese.Iyi mitengo inogona kuvharirwa kuburikidza neramangwana rakasiyana uye sarudzo zvibvumirano muLME.Chiitiko chemusika we zinc chinzvimbo chechitatu muLME, chechipiri chete kune ramangwana remhangura nealuminium.
Kechipiri, iyo New York Mercantile Exchange (COMEX) yakavhura muchidimbu remangwana rekutengesa zinc, asi haina kubudirira.
COMEX yakashanda kwenguva pfupi zinc remangwana kubva 1978 kusvika 1984, asi zvakazara haina kubudirira.Panguva iyoyo, vagadziri vezinc vekuAmerica vaive vakasimba zvakanyanya mumitengo yezingi, zvekuti COMEX yakanga isina huwandu hwebhizinesi rezinc hwakakwana kuti ipe mari yekondirakiti, zvichiita kuti zvisaitike kuti zinc iite arbitrage mitengo pakati peLME neCOMEX sekutengeserana kwemhangura nesirivheri.Mazuvano, COMEX yekutengesa simbi inonyanya kutarisana neramangwana uye sarudzo zvibvumirano zvegoridhe, sirivheri, mhangura, uye aluminium.
Chechitatu ndechekuti Shanghai Stock Exchange yakatanga zviri pamutemo Shanghai Zinc Futures muna 2007, ichipinda muhurongwa hwemitengo yepasi rose.
Paive nekutengesa zinc pfupi munhoroondo yeShanghai Stock Exchange.Kare ma1990 ekutanga, zinc yaive yepakati nepakati-yenguva refu yekutengesa zvakasiyana padivi pesimbi dzakakosha semhangura, aluminium, lead, tin, uye nickel.Nekudaro, chiyero chekutengesa zinc chakadzikira gore negore, uye pakazosvika 1997, kutengeserana zinc kwakange kwamira.Muna 1998, panguva yekugadziriswa kwemusika weramangwana, mhando dzisina ferrous simbi dzekutengesa dzakangochengeta mhangura nealuminium, uye zinc nemamwe marudzi zvakadzimwa.Sezvo mutengo we zinc wakaramba uchikwira muna 2006, pakanga paine kudana nguva dzose kuti zinc remangwana ridzokere kumusika.Musi wa26 Kurume 2007, Shanghai Stock Exchange yakanyora zviri pamutemo remangwana rezinki, richiendesa shanduko yedunhu mukupihwa uye kudiwa mumusika weChina zinc kumusika wepasi rose uye kutora chikamu muhurongwa hwemitengo yezingi yepasi rose.
Nzira yekutanga yemitengo ye zinc pamusika wepasi rose ndeye kushandisa zinc future contract mutengo semutengo webhenji, uye kuwedzera markup inoenderana senzvimbo quotation.Maitiro emitengo ye zinc yepasi rose uye mitengo yeramangwana yeLME inowirirana zvakanyanya, nekuti LME zinc mutengo unoshanda seyenguva yakareba yemitengo yevatengi nevatengesi ve zinc simbi, uye mutengo wayo wepamwedzi wepakati unoshandawo sehwaro hwemitengo yekutengesa zinc simbi nzvimbo yekutengesa. .
Imwe ndeyekukwira nekudzika kutenderera kwemitengo yezinc kubva 1960 kusvika 1978;Yechipiri inguva ye oscillation kubva 1979 kusvika 2000;Yechitatu ndeyekukurumidza kukwira nekudzika kutenderera kubva 2001 kusvika 2009;Yechina inguva yekuchinja kubva 2010 kusvika 2020;Yechishanu ndiyo inokurumidza kukwira nguva kubva 2020. Kubva 2020, nekuda kwekukanganisa kwemitengo yemagetsi kuEurope, zinc yekupa simba yadzikira, uye kukurumidza kukura kwekudiwa kwezinc kwakakonzera kudzoreredzwa kwemitengo ye zinc, iyo inoramba ichikwira nekupfuura. $3500 patani.
Muna 2022, mushumo wazvino kubva kuUnited States Geological Survey (USGS) unoratidza kuti zviwanikwa zvepasi rose zvakaratidzwa zinc matani bhiriyoni 1.9, uye nzvimbo dzepasi rose dzakaratidzwa zinc ore reserve inosvika 210 miriyoni matani esimbi.Australia ine yakanyanya kuwanda zinc ore reserves, pa66 miriyoni matani, inoverengera 31.4% yepasi rose zvakachengetwa.China's zinc ore reserves ndeyechipiri kuAustralia, pamatani 31 miriyoni, inoverengera 14.8% yehuwandu hwepasi rose.Dzimwe nyika dzine matura makuru ezinc ore dzinosanganisira Russia (10.5%), Peru (8.1%), Mexico (5.7%), India (4.6%), nedzimwe nyika, ukuwo huwandu hwezinc ore hwedzimwe nyika hunoita 25% ye the global total reserves.
Chekutanga, kugadzirwa kwenhoroondo ye zinc kwakaramba kuchiwedzera, nekudzikira zvishoma mumakore gumi apfuura.Zvinotarisirwa kuti kugadzirwa kuchapora zvishoma nezvishoma mune ramangwana.
Kugadzirwa kwepasi rose kwe zinc ore kwave kuramba kuchiwedzera kweanopfuura makore zana, kusvika pakakwirira muna 2012 nekugadzirwa kwepagore kwemamiriyoni gumi nemazana mashanu emamiriyoni ematani ezinc concentrate.Mumakore akatevera, kwave nekumwe kuderera, kusvika 2019, apo kukura kwakatangazve.Zvakadaro, kubuda kweCCIDID-19 muna 2020 kwakaita kuti mugodhi wezinc wepasi rose udzike zvakare, nekubuda kwepagore kuchidzikira nematani 700000, 5.51% gore negore, zvichikonzera kuwanda kwepasi rose zinc uye kuenderera mberi kwemitengo.Nekureruka kwedenda, kugadzirwa kwe zinc zvishoma nezvishoma kwakadzokera padanho remamiriyoni gumi nematatu ematani.Ongororo inoratidza kuti nekudzoreredza kwehupfumi hwenyika uye nekusimudzirwa kwekuda kwemusika, kugadzirwa kwe zinc kucharamba kuchikura mune ramangwana.
Chechipiri ndechekuti nyika dzine huwandu hwepamusoro-soro hwekugadzira zinc iChina, Peru, neAustralia.
Zvinoenderana nedata kubva kuUnited States Bureau yeGeological Survey (USGS), kugadzirwa kwepasi rose zinc ore kwakasvika mamirioni gumi nematatu ematoni muna 2022, neChina iine yakanyanya kugadzira 4.2 miriyoni matani esimbi, inoverengera 32.3% yepasi rose kugadzirwa.Dzimwe nyika dzine zinc ore yakawanda dzinosanganisira Peru (10.8%), Australia (10.0%), India (6.4%), United States (5.9%), Mexico (5.7%), nedzimwe nyika.Kugadzirwa kwezvicherwa zvezinc kune dzimwe nyika kunokwana 28.9% yepasi rose.
Chechitatu, vagadziri vashanu vepasi rose zinc vanotora inenge 1/4 yekugadzirwa kwepasirese, uye maitiro avo ekugadzira ane imwe mhedzisiro pamitengo ye zinc.
Muna 2021, kugadzirwa kwepagore kwevagadziri vepasi rose vashanu vepasi rose vangangoita 3.14 miriyoni matani, achiverengera 1/4 yepasi rose zinc kugadzirwa.Iko kukosha kwekugadzira zinc kwakapfuura 9.4 bhiriyoni emadhora ekuAmerica, iyo Glencore PLC yakagadzira angangoita 1.16 miriyoni matani ezinc, Hindustan Zinc Ltd yakagadzira anenge 790000 matani ezinc, Teck Resources Ltd yakagadzira 610000 matani ezinc, Zijin Mining yakagadzira 310000 matani ezinc, uye Boliden AB yakagadzira anenge 270000 matani e zinc.Vagadziri vezinc hombe vanowanzopesvedzera mitengo yezinc kuburikidza nechirongwa che "kudzikisa kugadzirwa nekuchengetedza mitengo", iyo inosanganisira kuvhara migodhi nekudzora kugadzirwa kuzadzisa chinangwa chekudzikisa kugadzirwa uye kuchengetedza mitengo yezinc.Muna Gumiguru 2015, Glencore yakazivisa kudzikiswa kwekugadzirwa kwezinc yakazara, yakaenzana ne4% yekugadzirwa kwepasi rose, uye mitengo yezinc yakakwira neinopfuura 7% pazuva rimwe chete.
Chekutanga, kushandiswa kwepasi rose zinc kwakanangidzirwa munzvimbo dzeAsia Pacific neEurope neAmerica.
Muna 2021, kushandiswa kwepasi rose kwezinc yakacheneswa kwaive 14.0954 miriyoni matani, nekudyiwa kwe zinc kwakanyanya munzvimbo dzeAsia Pacific neEurope neAmerica, neChina ichiverengera chikamu chepamusoro chekushandisa zinc, ichiverengera makumi mana nemasere muzana.United States neIndia dzakaiswa pachinhanho chechipiri nechitatu, ichiverengera 6% ne5% zvichiteerana.Dzimwe nyika huru dzevatengi dzinosanganisira nyika dzakabudirira dzakaita seSouth Korea, Japan, Belgium, neGermany.
Chechipiri ndechekuti chimiro chekushandisa che zinc chakakamurwa kuva yekutanga kushandiswa uye kushandiswa kwekupedzisira.Iko kushandiswa kwekutanga kunonyanya kuve zinc plating, nepo iyo terminal yekushandisa iri kunyanya zvivakwa.Shanduko mukudiwa pakupera kwevatengi kuchakanganisa mutengo we zinc.
Chimiro chekushandisa che zinc chinogona kukamurwa kuva yekutanga kushandiswa uye kushandiswa kwekupedzisira.Kushandiswa kwekutanga kwe zinc kunonyanya kutariswa pakushandisa galvanized, inoverengera 64%.Kushandiswa kwekupedzisira kwe zinc kunoreva kudzokororwa uye kushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvekutanga zvezinc mune yakadzika maindasitiri cheni.Mukupedzisira kushandiswa kwezinc, zvivakwa uye zvikamu zvekuvaka zvinotora chikamu chepamusoro, pa33% uye 23% zvichiteerana.Kuita kwemutengi we zinc kuchafambiswa kubva kumunda wekushandisa terminal kuenda kumunda wekutanga wekushandisa uye kunokanganisa kupihwa uye kudiwa kwe zinc nemutengo wayo.Semuyenzaniso, kana mashandiro emaindasitiri makuru ezinc anopera senge estate nemota asina kusimba, huwandu hwekurongeka hwekutanga kushandiswa senge zinc plating uye zinc alloys huchadzikira, zvichiita kuti kupihwa kwe zinc kupfuure kudiwa, zvichizotungamira kuderera kwemitengo ye zinc.
Semutengesi mukuru wezinc pasi rose, Glencore inodzora kutenderera kwezinc yakacheneswa pamusika nezvakanakira zvitatu.Chekutanga, kugona kukurumidza uye nemazvo kuronga zvinhu zvakananga kumusika wezasi zinc;Yechipiri isimba rakasimba rekugovera zinc zviwanikwa;Yechitatu ndeyekunzwisisa kwakanyanya mumusika we zinc.Semugadziri mukuru wezinc pasi rose, Glencore yakagadzira 940000 matani ezinc muna 2022, ine musika wepasi rose we7.2%;Huwandu hwekutengeserana hwezinc 2.4 miriyoni matani, ine musika wepasi rose we18.4%.Kugadzirwa uye kutengeswa kwehuwandu hwezinc zvese zviri pamusoro pasirese.Glencore's yepasi rose nhamba yekutanga kuzvigadzira ndiyo hwaro hwesimba rayo guru pamitengo yezinc, uye nhamba yekutanga yekutengesa inowedzera kuwedzera uku.
Chekutanga, Shanghai Zinc Exchange yakaita basa rakanaka mukutanga hurongwa hwemitengo yezingi, asi pesvedzero yayo pakodzero dzemitengo yezinc ichiri shoma pane yeLME.
Ramangwana reZinc rakatangwa neShanghai Stock Exchange rakaita basa rakanaka mukubuda pachena kwekupa uye kudiwa, nzira dzemitengo, hurukuro yemitengo, uye nzira dzekutengesa mitengo dzepamba nekunze dzemusika wemba zingi.Pasi pemamiriro emusika wakaoma wemusika weZinc weChina, iyo Shanghai Zinc Exchange yakabatsira mukumisikidza yakavhurika, yakaringana, yakanaka, uye ine mvumo yemitengo yezinc musika.Musika wemumba we zinc remangwana wakatove nehumwe chiyero uye pesvedzero, uye nekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro emusika uye nekuwedzera kwechiyero chekutengesa, chinzvimbo chayo mumusika wepasi rose chiri kuwedzerawo.Muna 2022, huwandu hwekutengesa hweShanghai zinc remangwana hwakaramba hwakagadzikana uye hwakawedzera zvishoma.Zvinoenderana nedata kubva kuShanghai Stock Exchange, pakupera kwaMbudzi 2022, huwandu hwekutengesa hweShanghai Zinc Futures muna 2022 hwaive 63906157 kutengeserana, kuwedzera kwe0.64% gore-pa-gore, neavhareji pamwedzi yekutengesa vhoriyamu ye5809650 kutengeserana. ;Muna 2022, huwandu hwekutengesa hweShanghai Zinc Futures hwakasvika 7932.1 bhiriyoni yuan, kuwedzera kwe11.1% gore negore, neavhareji yepamwedzi yekutengesa ye4836.7 bhiriyoni yuan.Nekudaro, simba remitengo rezinc yepasi rose richiri kutungamirwa neLME, uye musika wemumba zinc remangwana unoramba uri musika wedunhu munzvimbo yepasi.
Kechipiri, iyo nzvimbo yemitengo ye zinc muChina yakashanduka kubva kune mugadziri makotesheni kuenda pa online papuratifomu makotesheni, kunyanya zvichibva pamitengo yeLME.
Gore ra2000 risati rasvika, pakanga pasina chikuva chemitengo yemusika wezinc muChina, uye mutengo wemusika wenzvimbo wakanyatso kuumbwa zvichienderana nekotesheni yemugadziri.Semuenzaniso, muPearl River Delta, mutengo wainyanya kuiswa naZhongjin Lingnan, nepo muYangtze River Delta, mutengo wacho wainyanya kuiswa naZhuzhou Smelter neHuludao.Kusakwana kwemitengo nzira kwave nekukanganisa kukuru pamashandiro ezuva nezuva emabhizinesi ekumusoro nepasi muindasitiri yezinc.Muna 2000, Shanghai Nonferrous Metals Network (SMM) yakamisa network yayo, uye quotation yepuratifomu yayo yakava chirevo kune mazhinji emabhizinesi epamba mutengo wezinc nzvimbo.Parizvino, makotesheni makuru pamusika wepasi anosanganisira makotesheni kubva kuNan Chu Business Network uye Shanghai Metal Network, asi makotesheni kubva kumapuratifomu epamhepo anonyanya kureva mitengo yeLME.
Chekutanga, huwandu hwese hwezinc zviwanikwa muChina inomira yechipiri pasirese, asi avhareji yemhando yakaderera uye kutorwa kwezviwanikwa kwakaoma.
China ine zvakawanda zvakachengetwa zvezinc ore zviwanikwa, iri pachinzvimbo chechipiri pasi rose mushure meAustralia.Zviwanikwa zvezinc ore zvemumba zvinonyanya kuiswa munzvimbo dzakaita seYunnan (24%), Inner Mongolia (20%), Gansu (11%), uye Xinjiang (8%).Nekudaro, giredhi rezinc ore deposits muChina kazhinji rakaderera, paine migodhi midiki midiki nemigodhi mikuru mishoma, pamwe nemigodhi yakawanda yakaonda uye yakapfuma.Kutora zviwanikwa kwakaoma uye mari yekufambisa yakakwira.
Chechipiri, kugadzirwa kweZinc ore kweChina kunotungamira pasi rose, uye pesvedzero yevagadziri vepamusoro zinc vari kuwedzera.
Kugadzirwa kweZinc kweChina kwakaramba kuri kukuru pasi rose kwemakore akawanda akatevedzana.Mumakore achangopfuura, kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadai semaindasitiri epakati, kumusoro nekudzika kubatanidzwa uye kutora, nekubatanidzwa kwemidziyo, China zvishoma nezvishoma yakaumba boka remabhizinesi ezinc ane simba repasi rose, aine mabhizinesi matatu ari pakati pegumi epamusoro epasi rose anogadzira zinc ore.Zijin Mining ndiro hombe zinc concentrate kugadzira bhizinesi muChina, ine zinc ore yekugadzira chiyero chiri pakati pevashanu epamusoro pasi rose.Muna 2022, iyo zinc kugadzirwa yaive 402000 matani, achiverengera 9.6% yehuwandu hwekugadzira mudzimba.Minmetals Resources iri pachinhanho chechitanhatu pasi rose, iine zinc kugadzirwa kwe225000 matani muna 2022, inoverengera 5.3% yehuwandu hwekugadzira mudzimba.Zhongjin Lingnan iri pachinzvimbo chepfumbamwe pasi rose, iine zinc kugadzirwa kwematani 193000 muna 2022, inoverengera 4.6% yehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwepamba.Vamwe vagadziri vezinc vakakura vanosanganisira Chihong Zinc Germanium, Zinc Industry Co., Ltd., Baiyin Nonferrous Metals, nezvimwe.
Chechitatu, China ndiyo mutengi mukuru we zinc, ine kushandiswa kwakanangidzirwa mumunda we galvanizing uye kudzika kwakadzika zvivakwa zvivakwa.
Muna 2021, kushandiswa kwezinc kweChina kwaisvika 6.76 miriyoni matani, zvichiita kuti ive mutengi mukuru wezinc pasi rose.Zinc plating accounts yechikamu chikuru chekushandisa zinc muChina, inoverengera ingangoita 60% ye zinc kushandiswa;Zvinotevera kufa-casting zinc alloy uye zinc oxide, inoverengera 15% uye 12% zvichiteerana.Nzvimbo huru dzekushandisa dze galvanizing zvivakwa uye zvivakwa.Nekuda kweChina mukana wakakwana mukushandisa zinc, budiriro yezvivakwa uye zvivakwa zvikamu zvichave nemhedzisiro yakakura pakupihwa kwepasirese, kudiwa, uye mutengo wezinc.
Kutsamira kwekunze kweChina pazinki kwakati kwakakwirira uye kunoratidza kukwira kuri pachena, uko kunobva kunze kuri Australia nePeru.Kubva 2016, huwandu hwekupinza zinc concentrate muChina hwanga huchiwedzera gore negore, uye yave iyo inonyanya kutengwa kunze kwenyika ye zinc ore.Muna 2020, kutsamira kwekunze kwe zinc concentrate kwakapfuura 40%.Kubva munyika nenyika, nyika ine yakanyanya kutengesa zinc concentrate kuChina muna 2021 yaive Australia, iine 1.07 miriyoni matani emuviri gore rose, achiverengera 29.5% yeChina yakazara kupinza zinc concentrate;Kechipiri, Peru inotumira kunze 780000 matani emuviri kuChina, achiverengera 21.6% yeChina yakazara kupinza zinc concentrate.Kutsamira kwakanyanya kune zinc ore inotengeswa kunze kwenyika uye kuwanda kwenzvimbo dzekunze kunoreva kuti kugadzikana kwekunatswa kwezinc kupihwa kunogona kukanganiswa nekupa uye magumo ekufambisa, chinova chimwe chezvikonzero nei China iri munjodzi mukutengeserana kwenyika dzese zinc uye. inogona kungogamuchira chete mitengo yemusika wepasi rose.
Chinyorwa ichi chakatanga kuburitswa muchikamu chekutanga cheChina Mining Daily musi wa15 Chivabvu
Nguva yekutumira: Sep-08-2023
