Musiyano wakakosha pakati pegirisheni uye utungamire ndiyo graphite ndeyekutenderera uye yakanyanya kugadzikana, nepo kutungamira kune chepfu uye kusagadzikana.
Chii chinonzi graphite?
Graphite ndeyekugovaniswa kwecarbon ine yakagadzikana, crystalline chimiro. Ndiyo nzira yemarasha. Uyezve, ndicho chicherwa. Zvitendero zvemazikisi ndizvo zvinhu zvine chimwe chemakemikari chinoitika mune zvakasikwa zvisina kusanganisa nechimwe chinhu chimwe chinhu. Uyezve, graphite ndiyo yakagadzikana kwazvo fomu kabhoni inoitika pane yakajairwa tembiricha uye kumanikidzwa. Iyo inodzokorora chikamu chegiramurahini yemugodhi ndeye kabhoni (c). Graphite ine hexagonal crystal system. Inoratidzika mune dema-dema kusimbi-grey ruvara uye zvakare ine simbi yakasimba. Iyo streak ruvara rwegiramura ndeye nhema (ruvara rweiyo yakajeka yakajeka onelday mineral).
Iyo graphite crystal chimiro ine huchi chechi huchi. Iyo ine graphene masheets akapatsanurwa pane 0.335 nm kure kure. Muchimiro ichi chegirazi, chinhambwe pakati pekaroni maatomu ndeye 0.142 nm. Aya maatomu maatomu anosunga kune mumwe nemumwe kuburikidza neakavharidzira zvisungo, imwe kabhoni kuatongedzo ine zvisungo zvitatu zvakakomberedza. Valency ye kabhoni atomu ina 4; Nekudaro, kune emagetsi echina asina kufanira emagetsi mune imwe neimwe carbon atomu yechigadzirwa ichi. Naizvozvo, iyi emagetsi akasununguka kutama, kugadzira graphita maitiro. Natural grafite inobatsira mune dzidziso, mabhatiri, mabhatiri, yakawedzera, yakawedzera graphite, mabhureki mapepa, akawanikwa macompass, akawanikwa macompass, uye mafuro.
Chii chinotungamira?
Tungamira chinhu chemakemikari chine ATOMIC nhamba 82 uye makemikari chiratidzo pb. Izvo zvinoitika sechinhu chesimbi chemakemikari chinhu. Iyi simbi isimbi inorema uye inokwenenzverwa kupfuura mazhinji ezvimwe zvinhu zvatinoziva. Kupfuurirazve, kutungamira kunogona kuitika semanyoro wakapfava uye kusvinudzwa uine poindi yakaderera yekunyungudika. Isu tinogona nyore kutema simbi iyi, uye ine hunhu bhuruu yebhuruu pamwe neiyo silvery grey simbi chitarisiko. Zvinotonyanya kukosha, simbi iyi ine huwandu hwepamusoro hweatomu hwechimwe chinhu chakagadzikana.
Paunenge uchifunga nezvehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekutungamira, hune dentity yakakwirira, kuve nekuvengwa, kushushikana, uye kukwikwidzana kwakanyanya kuora nekuda kwekusaruka. Tungamira ine chimiro chepedyo-chakarukwa cubic cubic uye uremu hwepamusoro-soro, izvo zvinoguma nekuwedzera kwakakura kupfuura kusimba kwesimbi zvakanyanya senge simbi, mhangura, uye zinc. Kana uchienzaniswa nemagariro mazhinji, tungamira ane poindi yakadzika kwazvo yekunyungudika, uye ipfungwa yayo inoyevedza zvakare pakati peboka 14 zvinhu.
Tungamira kunoita kuti ugadzire denderedzwa rekudzivirira pakuratidzwa nemhepo. Iyo yakajairika constituent yeiyi layer inotungamira (II) carbonate. Panogona zvakare kuve neSulfate uye chloride zvikamu zvehutungamiri. Iyi denderedzwa inoita iyo inotungamira simbi yepamhepo inobudirira kwemakemikari inert kumhepo. Kupfuurirazve, fluorine gasi inogona kuita nekutungamira pamhepo tembiricha kuumba kutungamira (II) Froride. Pane chiitiko chakafanana chine chlorine gasi zvakare, asi zvinoda kupisa. Kunze kweizvozvo, simbi inotungamira inodzivirira sulfuric acid uye phosphoric acid asi inobata neHCL neHno3 acid. Organic acids yakadai se acetic acid inogona kunyungudutsira pamberi peokisijeni. Saizvozvo, zvakanyatsonaka Alkali acids anogona kunyungudutsira kuumba plumbites.
Sezvo kutungamira kwakabviswa muUSA muna 1978 sechinhu chakabatanidzwa mune iyo pendi nekuda kwekutuka mhedzisiro, haina kushandiswa penzura kugadzirwa kwepeni. Nekudaro, yaive chinhu chikuru chinoshandiswa kugadzirwa kwepenzura isati yasvika. Tungamira yakazivikanwa sechinhu chine muchetura kuvanhu. Naizvozvo, vanhu vakatsvaga zvinhu zvekutsiva kutsiva kutungamira nechimwe chinhu kuti ugadzire mapenzura.
Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pegirazi uye unotungamira?
Graphite uye kutungamira zvinhu zvakakosha zvemakemikari nekuda kwezvivakwa zvavo zvinobatsira uye zvinoshandiswa. Musiyano wakakosha pakati pegirisheni uye utungamire ndiyo graphite ndeyekutenderera uye yakanyanya kugadzikana, nepo kutungamira kune chepfu uye kusagadzikana.
Tungamira isimbi isina basa. Tinogona kuratidza iyo isina kusimba yesimbi hunhu yekutungamira ichishandisa iyo amphoteric chimiro. Eg kutungamira uye kutungamira oxides vanoita neacids uye zvigadziko uye zvinowanzoita kuumba zvisungo zvinovharira. Compound of kutungamira kazhinji iine +2 oxidation mamiriro ekutungamira pane iyo +4 oxidation State (+4 ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa oxidation yeboka 14 makemikari zvinhu).
Kutumira Nguva: Jul-08-2022
