Musiyano mukuru pakati pegraphite nemutobvu ndewekuti graphite haina chepfu uye yakagadzikana zvakanyanya, nepo lead ine chepfu uye haina kugadzikana.
Chii chinonzi Graphite?
Graphite is allotrope of carbon ine yakagadzikana, crystalline chimiro.Icho chimiro chemarasha.Uyezve, iine mineral mineral.Native minerals zvinhu zvine imwe kemikari chinhu chinoitika muzvisikwa pasina kusanganiswa nechimwe chinhu.Uyezve, graphite ndiyo yakagadzikana zvakanyanya fomu yekabhoni inoitika pakudziya kwakajairwa nekumanikidza.Iyo inodzokorora unit yegraphite allotrope icarbon (C).Graphite ine hexagonal crystal system.Inoratidzika mune simbi-dema kune simbi-grey ruvara uye zvakare ine simbi inopenya.Rudzi rwemavara egraphite dema (ruvara rweiyo yakatsetseka poda mineral).
Iyo graphite crystal chimiro ine huchi lattice.Iine graphene mapepa akaparadzaniswa pa 0.335 nm chinhambwe.Muchimiro ichi chegraphite, chinhambwe chiri pakati pekabhoni atomu i0.142 nm.Aya kabhoni maatomu anosunga kune mumwe nemumwe kuburikidza ne covalent zvisungo, imwe kabhoni atomu ine matatu covalent mabhondi akaitenderedza.Valency yeatomu yekabhoni ndeye 4;saka, pane yechina isingagarwi erekitironi mune imwe neimwe kabhoni atomu ichi chimiro.Naizvozvo, erekitironi iyi yakasununguka kutama, zvichiita kuti graphite iite zvemagetsi.Natural graphite inobatsira mune refractory, mabhatiri, kugadzira simbi, yakawedzera graphite, mabhureki linings, foundry faces, uye mafuta ekuzora.
Chii chinonzi Lead?
Mutobvu chinhu chemakemikari chine nhamba yeatomu 82 uye chiratidzo chemakemikari Pb.Inoitika sesimbi yemakemikari element.Simbi iyi isimbi inorema uye yakaonda kupfuura zvinhu zvakawanda zvatinoziva.Uyezve, mutobvu unogona kuitika sesimbi yakapfava uye inogadzika ine nzvimbo yakaderera yekunyungudika.Isu tinokwanisa kucheka simbi iyi zviri nyore, uye ine hunhu hweblue hint pamwe ne silvery grey simbi inotaridzika.Zvinonyanya kukosha, simbi iyi ine nhamba yepamusoro yeatomu yechero chinhu chakagadzikana.
Kana uchifunga nezvehuwandu hwezvinhu zvemutobvu, ine yakakwira density, malleability, ductility, uye yakakwirira kuramba corrosion nekuda kwepassivation.Mutobvu une huso hwapedyo-pakati cubic chimiro uye huremu hweatomu hwepamusoro, izvo zvinoita kuti pave nehuremu hwakakura kupfuura kusimba kwesimbi dzinowanzozivikanwa sesimbi, mhangura, uye zinki.Kana ichienzaniswa nesimbi zhinji, mutobvu une nzvimbo yakaderera yekunyungudika, uye nzvimbo yekubikira ndiyo zvakare yakaderera pakati peboka regumi nemana.
Mutobvu unowanzo kuumba danda rekudzivirira kana wasangana nemhepo.Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yeiyi layer ndeye lead (II) carbonate.Ikoko kunogonawo kuva nesulfate uye chloride zvikamu zvemutobvu.Iri denga rinoita kuti simbi inotungamira ibudirire mumakemikari inert kumhepo.Uyezve, fluorine gasi inogona kuita nemutobvu pane tembiricha yekamuri kuita lead(II) fluoride.Pane kuita kwakafanana ne chlorine gasi zvakare, asi inoda kudziyisa.Kunze kwaizvozvo, lead simbi inoshingirira kune sulfuric acid uye phosphoric acid asi inopindirana neHCl uye HNO3 acid.Organic acids yakadai seacetic acid inogona kunyungudutsa mutobvu muhupo hweokisijeni.Saizvozvo, yakanyungudutswa alkali acids inogona kunyungudutsa mutobvu kugadzira pombi.
Sezvo lead yakarambidzwa muUSA muna 1978 sechinhu chependi nekuda kwehupfu, haina kushandiswa kugadzira penzura.Nekudaro, yaive chinhu chikuru chaishandiswa pakugadzira penzura nguva iyoyo isati yasvika.Mutobvu waizivikanwa sechinhu chine chepfu kuvanhu.Naizvozvo, vanhu vakatsvaka zvokutsiva zvokutsiva mutobvu nechimwe chinhu chokugadzira mapenzura.
Ndeupi Musiyano Pakati peGraphite neLead?
Graphite uye lead zvinhu zvakakosha zvemakemikari nekuda kwezvivakwa zvavo zvinobatsira uye mashandisirwo.Musiyano mukuru pakati pegraphite nemutobvu ndewekuti graphite haina chepfu uye yakagadzikana zvakanyanya, nepo lead ine chepfu uye haina kugadzikana.
Mutobvu isimbi isingashande mushure mekuchinja.Tinogona kuenzanisira husimba hwesimbi hwemutobvu tichishandisa hunhu hwawo hweamphoteric.Eg lead nelead oxides dzinoita nemaasidhi nemabhesi uye dzinoita kuumba covalent bond.Mishonga yemutobvu inowanzova ne +2 oxidation state yemutobvu kwete iyo +4 oxidation state (+4 ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa yeboka 14 maelementi emakemikari).
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-08-2022
