Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati peGraphite neLead July?

Musiyano mukuru uripo pakati pegraphite nelead ndewekuti graphite haina chepfu uye inogara kwenguva refu, nepo lead ine chepfu uye isingagadzikane.

Chii chinonzi Graphite?

Graphite imhando yekabhoni ine chimiro chakasimba, chekristaro. Imhando yemarasha. Uyezve, imineral yemuno. Zvicherwa zvemuno zvinhu zvine chinhu chimwe chete chemakemikari chinoitika muzvisikwa pasina kusangana nechimwe chinhu. Uyezve, graphite ndiyo mhando yakanyanya kugadzikana yekabhoni inoitika pakupisa kwakajairwa uye kumanikidzwa. Chikamu chinodzokororwa che allotrope yegraphite icarbon (C). Graphite ine system yekristaro ine hexagonal. Inoonekwa muruvara rwesimbi-dema kusvika kusimbi-grey uye inewo kupenya kwesimbi. Ruvara rwemitsetse yegraphite dema (ruvara rwemineral yakapfava).

Chimiro che graphite crystal chine lattice yehoneycomb. Chine mapepa e graphene akaparadzaniswa ne 0.335 nm kure. Muchimiro ichi che graphite, daro riri pakati pemaatomu e carbon i 0.142 nm. Aya maatomu e carbon anobatana kuburikidza ne covalent bonds, atomu imwe chete ye carbon ine covalent bonds nhatu dzakaipoteredza. Valency yeatomu ye carbon i 4; saka, pane electron yechina isina chinhu muatomu yega yega ye carbon yechimiro ichi. Saka, electron iyi yakasununguka kufamba, zvichiita kuti graphite iendese magetsi. Natural graphite inobatsira mu refractories, mabhatiri, steel making, expanded graphite, brake linings, foundry facings, uye lubricants.

Chii chinonzi Lead?

Lead chinhu chemakemikari chine nhamba yeatomu 82 uye chiratidzo chemakemikari Pb. Chinoitika sechinhu chemakemikari chesimbi. Iyi simbi isimbi inorema uye yakakora kupfuura zvinhu zvakawanda zvatinoziva. Uyezve, lead inogona kuitika sesimbi yakapfava uye inonyungudika ine poindi shoma yekunyunguduka. Tinogona kucheka simbi iyi zviri nyore, uye ine ruvara rwebhuruu pamwe chete nechitarisiko chesimbi chesirivha chegrey. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti, iyi simbi ine nhamba yepamusoro yeatomu pane chero chinhu chakagadzikana.

Kana tichifunga nezvehukuru hwe lead, ine density yakakura, malleable, ductility, uye high resistance to corrosion nekuda kwe passivation. Lead ine close-centric face-centred cubic structure uye high atomic huremu, izvo zvinoita kuti ive density yakakura kupfuura density yesimbi dzakawanda dzakadai se iron, copper, uye zinc. Kana ichienzaniswa nesimbi zhinji, lead ine density yakaderera kwazvo, uye density yayo yekufashaira ndiyo yakadererawo pakati pezvinhu zveboka rechi14.

Lead inowanzoita jira rinodzivirira kana yasangana nemhepo. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha pane iri jira i lead(II) carbonate. Panogonawo kuva nezvikamu zve lead zvine sulfate ne chloride. Iri jira rinoita kuti pamusoro pesimbi ine lead isashande zvakanaka mumhepo. Uyezve, gasi re fluorine rinogona kuita ne lead patembiricha yemumba kuti rigadzire lead(II) fluoride. Pane kuita kwakafanana negasi re chlorine, asi rinoda kudziyiswa. Kunze kweizvozvo, lead metal haipindi sulfuric acid ne phosphoric acid asi inosangana ne HCl ne HNO3 acid. Organic acids dzakadai se acetic acid dzinogona kunyungudutsa lead kana paine oxygen. Saizvozvowo, concentrated alkali acids dzinogona kunyungudutsa lead kuti iite plumbites.

Sezvo mutobvu wakarambidzwa muUSA muna 1978 sechinhu chinowanikwa mupendi nekuda kwechepfu, hauna kushandiswa pakugadzira mapenzura. Zvisinei, ndiwo wainyanya kushandiswa pakugadzira mapenzura nguva iyoyo isati yasvika. Mutobvu waizivikanwa sechinhu chine chepfu kuvanhu. Saka, vanhu vakatsvaga zvinhu zvinotsiva mutobvu nechimwe chinhu chekugadzira mapenzura.

Chii Chinosiyana Pakati peGraphite neLead?

Graphite ne lead zvinhu zvakakosha zvemakemikari nekuda kwehunhu hwazvo hunobatsira uye mashandisirwo azvo. Musiyano mukuru pakati pe graphite ne lead ndewekuti graphite haina chepfu uye inogara kwenguva refu, nepo lead ine chepfu uye isingagadzikane.

Lead isimbi isingashande mushure mekuchinja. Tinogona kutsanangura hunhu hwesimbi husina simba hwelead tichishandisa hunhu hwayo hwe amphoteric. Semuenzaniso lead nema lead oxides zvinosangana nemaacid nema bases uye zvinowanzo gadzira covalent bonds. Macompounds e lead anowanzova ne +2 oxidation state ye lead pane +4 oxidation state (+4 ndiyo oxidation inonyanya kuwanikwa muzvikamu zvemakemikari zveboka rechi14).